Estimation of Photon Distribution within Biological Tissue Using Monte Carlo Simulation | This paper proposes a method of accurate light distribution using the Monte Carlo Simulation. In a Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), accurate light penetration depths are especially important as it is to be expected that applying too little light or too much light could result in inadequate tumor cell kill. The basic theory of this method is statistical iteration of simulation at phantom medium and can model any complex condition in biological tissues without any kind of tool. We performed Monte Carlo simulation with phantom layer having the optical properties of biological tissues. In this result, we could obtained the acceptable light dosimetry in biological phantom. Monte Carlo simulation is very powerful approaching model in radiation transfer for solving a variety of physical and mathematical problems. For More Articles: Biomedical Journal Articles : https://biomedres.us/

Let Doctors Be Doctors –Don’t Let Engineers Determine Injuries | A scenario plays out every day in America. A collision occurs, the party is transported by EMS, or sees the Doctor soon afterwards, and a chain of medical treatment ensues. The medical providers report objective findings and opine that the treatments are necessary and reasonable. Despite this, when reimbursement is sought, a report appears from an engineer/scientist and without scientific or engineering basis the author claims that the injury is not related to the event. To support the opinions of the hired analyst, a series of assertions are made in an attempt to discredit the treating providers’ opinions. While not predicated upon any valid engineering or science, the medical providers may have trouble being reimbursed for the reasonable and necessary services. For More Articles: Biomedical Open Access Journals : https://biomedres.us/

Effect of Local Administration of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels Blocker (Gallopamil) Combined with Silicon Conduit on Transected Sciatic Nerve | The outgrowth of regenerating axons of a transected peripheral motor nerve is a slow process. The objective was to assess the effect of locally administered gallopamil on transected peripheral nerve regeneration and functional recovery. Sixty male healthy white Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups (n = 15), randomly: In transected group (TC), left sciatic nerve was transected and stumps were fixed in the adjacent muscle. In treatment group defect was bridged using silicone tube (SIL/ Gallopamil) filled with 10 μL gallopamil (100 ng/mL). In silicone conduit group (SIL), the tube was filled with phosphate-buffered saline alone. In sham-operated group (SHAM), sciatic nerve was exposed and manipulated. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups of five animals each and regenerated nerve fibers were studied 4, 8 and 12 weeks after surgery. For More Articles: Journal of Scientific and Technical Research : https://biomedres.us/

Restoring a Fractured Central Incisor: A Challenge to Overcome | Restoring a single central incisor should aim at preserving the affected tooth as well as re-establishing function and esthetic. This clinical report describes a patient with compromised smile due to the fracture of the tooth number 11which was immediately restored by resin waiting for the healing process after the trauma. A zirconia based ceramic restoration was performed. Basic guidelines were followed to guarantee a natural mimicry of the restoration. The maxillary central incisors have an effect on the visual aspect of a person either positively or negatively. In fact achieving a natural mimicry of the single maxillary central incisor restoration with the adjacent dentition is a real challenge. Thus an accurate match of a single incisor crown with the supporting tissues leads to a near mirror image [1]. When the central incisor is decayed or fractured, the situation is complicated as it needs a prior reconstruction. Currently, fiber posts and cores solve the problem thanks to their elastic behavior. Their modulus of elasticity is similar to that of dentin, unlike metal or ceramic posts [2,3]. The restoration will be instantly compared with the natural counterpart. Hence the slightest differences of shape and color will be immediately perceived. Knowing that the patient’s expectations in this case are normally very high, this integration of the restored central tooth is more challenging for both the clinician and the ceramist. For More Articles: Biomedical Science Articles : https://biomedres.us/

Palliative Care Guide | When confronting chronic and/or serious illness many individuals wish to be active participants in determining the treatment and care provided to sustain optimal quality of life. As healthcare professionals, our goal is to facilitate a conversation with the individual and/or their family or other advocates that supports that person’s life’s journey and addresses their physical, social, spiritual, and emotional needs, as well as their values and cultural traditions. Through this discussion, we assist the person in using a systematic approach to identify and coordinate a plan of care to maintain quality of life. The acknowledgement of the complex needs surrounding chronic/serious illness and the importance and benefit of palliative care, led to palliative medicine becoming recognized in 2006 as a board-certified sub-specialty of internal medicine with specialized fellowships for physicians in the United States. Palliative care is a multidisciplinary approach to person-centered care, relying on input from pharmacists, nurses, chaplains, social workers, psychologists, and other allied health professionals in formulating a plan of care to help relieve suffering in all aspects of a seriously ill person’s life. This multidisciplinary approach allows the palliative care team to address physical, emotional, spiritual and social concerns that arise with advanced illness. For More Articles: Biomedical Research Articles : https://biomedres.us/

Accuracy of Fnac in Diagnosing Thyroid Nodules: A Single Institution Experience | FNAC is the most appropriate investigation to define the nature of a thyroid nodule and decide about the need for surgical intervention [1-3]. Taking in to consideration the need for standardization, the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cyto pathology (TBSRTC) was proposed and has been accepted worldwide [4,5]. This study was carried out with the aim of identifying the accuracy of FNAC in diagnosing thyroid nodules by comparing the final histopathology report of patients who had undergone thyroidectomy with their pre-operative FNAC. The final histopathology report (HPR) of all thyroidectomies done from January 2008 to December 2010 was retrieved by a retrospective search in institutional databases. Corresponding FNAC reports were also retrieved. The HPR was divided into 3 main categories: Benign and non-neoplastic, Benign and neoplastic, and Malignant, each having several subcategories (Table 1). The FNAC report was also divided into 3: Benign (including nodular goiter and lymphocytic thyroiditis), Follicular neoplasm, Malignant (Table 2). The correlation between FNAC and final histopathology was studied to determine the accuracy with which FNAC diagnosed thyroid disorders. For More Articles: Journal of Biomedical Research and Review : https://biomedres.us/

Melatonin — More than Just a Pineal Hormone | Melatonin is not only synthesized in the pineal gland and the retina, but also in numerous other tissues. Extrapineal melatonin is formed in amounts exceeding by orders of magnitude that found in the pineal gland. This is particularly valid for the gastrointestinal tract, in which several physiological functions such as duodenal bicarbonate secretion have been elucidated. Melatonin is produced upon neuronal stimuli in enteroendocrine cells. Duodenal signaling involves the melatonin receptor MT₂ present in enterocytes and in Paneth cells, in the latter case causing uroguanylin/guanylin release that leads to enterocytic activation of the receptor guanylyl cyclase GUCY2C. High amounts of melatonin are also found in the bile fluid, with contributions of melatonin synthesized in cholangiocytes and, presumably, enterohepatic circulation. Melatonin is also formed and metabolized in the skin, in which it contributes to photoprotection. In the cerebellum, melatonin formation is upregulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and conveys local anti-inflammatory protection. Increasing evidence indicates that melatonin does not easily cross membranes because of lipophilicity, but that transporters are required. For More Articles: Biomedical Research Articles : https://biomedres.us/

Postmastectomy Hypo Fractionated Radiotherapy: May be a Breakthrough in Breast Cancer Management | Hypo fractionated schedules deliver greater than 2 Gy of radiation per fraction while reducing the total cumulative dose through reducing the number of treatment sessions. In breast cancer, radiotherapy is indicated for all patients after breast conservative surgery and for patients after mastectomy if indicated. Radio biologically, this approach appears to be as effective and safe as the conventional regimen in both experimental and clinical studies, based on the LQ model, when the α/β ratio of the tumor is similar to that of the surrounding normal tissue, the hypo fractionated regimen may be equally or potentially more effective than that of the conventional one. Conventional fractionated radiotherapy has been challenged by patient’s compliance, travelling, unplanned interruption and others compared to hypo fractionated regimen which would be more appealing and convenient to the patients, and financially, this treatment schedule is useful in reducing the radiotherapy costs. It is thought that if these schedules found to have an equivalent loco regional control, survival and cosmoses to standard conventional schedules, it would be a revolutionary breakthrough in the future for breast cancer management as if these schedules are established, it will be a major breakthrough as it will decrease the waiting list and the number of hospital visits in several cancer centers especially in the developing countries. For More Articles: Journal of Biomedical Research and Review : https://biomedres.us/

Systematic Ecological Assessment 0f Water and Land Resources in Azerbaijan | The results of the study, which show that up to 96% of the irrigated land is watered mainly with traditional methods of irrigation (furrows and fillings) by surface methods, and the rest up to 5%, while in irrigated fields it is watered with the use of progressive water-saving low intensity Irrigation systems. Therefore, in the fields, the level of groundwater grows every day. The total area of the republic is 8641500 hectares of land, of which 55 percent of it, ie 4756500 hectares, is made suitable for agriculture. or 16.6 percent of the total area or 1,432,600 hectares, is the irrigated land. 1808,400 hectares of the total balance of the land is arable land suitable for agriculture. It should be noted that 181600 ha of that available total area of arable land are under occupation by second-hand Armenian aggressors. 224,700 hectares of arable land, perennial crops, 11,700 hectares of hayfields, pastures 2,560.0 thousand hectares, 45.7 hectares of fallow areas. According to the country, 258,100 ha (227,600 hectares of arable land), 1,038,800 hectares are included in the share of forest areas. For More Articles: Scientific Research Articles on Biomedical : https://biomedres.us/

Systematic Ecological Assessment 0f Water and Land Resources in Azerbaijan| The results of the study, which show that up to 96% of the irrigated land is watered mainly with traditional methods of irrigation (furrows and fillings) by surface methods, and the rest up to 5%, while in irrigated fields it is watered with the use of progressive water-saving low intensity Irrigation systems. Therefore, in the fields, the level of groundwater grows every day. For More Articles: Biomedical Journal Impact Factor : https://biomedres.us/